Communication is everything.

No matter who you are or what you are trying to achieve in your life, improving your communication

skills is a must.

It’s a strange fact that human beings are expected to just know how to communicate—despite

so many of us finding it challenging or unpleasant!

The truth is that good communication takes time, effort, and know-how.

It follows known principles and laws.

Luckily, being a charismatic speaker, empathetic listener, and skillful negotiator and mediator

is not something reserved for the select few—it’s something that anyone can do if only you understand

these laws.

There is certainly not enough space in just one book to cover all the multifaceted ways

that communication can be finetuned and tweaked.

But in the following chapters, we’re going to explore some of the most popular concepts

and principles so you feel empowered to start making positive changes right now.

One idea that we will return to frequently is the overall purpose of communication.

We reach out to one another to connect, to meet our needs, to express ourselves, and

to solve problems.

Therefore, the best mindset to adopt on our mission to become better communicators is

the one that will best allow us to do just that: connect.

Identify Your Communication Style

When learning how to communicate better, it’s important to understand your exact starting

point, i.e., how good is your communication ability currently?

If you’ve picked up this book, chances are there are some aspects of the way you communicate

that you’ve identified as needing improvement.

But communication is not just one skill, but a complex mix of many.

On top of that, there are different styles of communication.

Even if you don’t consider yourself a good communicator currently, you have a unique

and characteristic type of communication whether you’re conscious of it or not.

As we move through the chapters of this book, we’ll be looking at concrete ways to consciously

choose the best and most effective styles of communication rather than default to unconscious

patterns that may not really be working for us.

When you can communicate well, your relationships take on an extra dimension of quality and

intimacy, you find yourself in conflict far less often, and you give yourself the gift

of being seen and understood so that other people have the best possible chance of meeting

your needs.

But without good communication, everything—relationships, work, conflict resolution—becomes much,

much harder, if not impossible.

Before we learn the best ways to communicate, let’s ask ourselves: how do we communicate

right now?

Take a look at the following communication style profiles and see if you can recognize

yourself in one (or more!) of them:

The Passive Communicator

For this kind of communicator, it’s all about what isn’t said.

Passive communication avoids expressing needs and wants, avoids conflict, and doesn’t

directly and obviously convey thoughts or feelings.

Imagine two friends going out for a drink.

The first asks the second where he’d like to go, the second says, “Oh, I don’t mind.

You choose somewhere.”

The first does choose somewhere, and the second doesn’t actually like it ... but doesn’t

say so.

Instead, he gets quietly annoyed and resentful.

When the first friend asks what’s wrong, the second says, “Oh, nothing, I’m fine,”

while very obviously not being fine!

At the end of the evening, things come to a head and the passive friend has an emotional

outburst, snapping rudely.

Immediately, he apologizes and acts submissive and guilty.

He goes home wondering how he keeps ending up in such emotionally fraught situations

when he works so hard to avoid confrontation.

Sound familiar?

You might have a passive communication style.

Here are some other clues:

•You apologize for expressing yourself or sharing your wants and needs

•You find it difficult to make decisions, lead, or take responsibility

•You sometimes feel like a victim

•You often prefer to opt out or let others take control

•You sometimes don’t know what you really think or feel

•You tend to blame others for bad things that happen

•You don’t generally feel in control of situations, or your life generally

Nonverbally, passive communicators tend to speak quietly and adopt a small, submissive

posture, or else fidget nervously or avoid eye contact.

The irony is that a passive communicator does not achieve the result they want with this

behavior.

Other people can feel frustrated, guilty, exasperated, or annoyed with you, or else

they may see the passivity as an invitation to take advantage.

On the other hand, a passive communicator can leave others feeling unwilling to help

anymore since their efforts are often met with a passive, defeatist attitude that lacks

energy and autonomy.

The Aggressive Communicator

Where the passive communicator expresses too little of their needs and wants, the aggressive

communicator goes too far in the other direction.

They know what they want, and they will be as demanding, intimidating, and even hostile

as they need to be to get it.

From this point of view, communication is a war, and the aggressive communicator is

one who intends to win and beat down their opponent.

This can be that office bully who is always loud, threatening, and abrasive, but it doesn’t

always have to be as blatant as this.

Sometimes, the one person in a family or friend group whom everyone is most afraid of is the

one who is simply ruthless and unpredictable.

An aggressive communicator might literally yell and scream, saying “Don’t be stupid!”

or scoffing loudly at what you say, but they can also be aggressive in their body language

or actions:

•Sharp, sudden, or “big” gestures

•Hogging space

•Towering over others

•Scowling, glaring, frowning

•Invading people’s personal space

Most people might comply with an aggressive communicator, at

least at first, but they quickly can grow defensive, uncooperative, and resentful.

Nobody likes to be humiliated or hurt, and so the result is often less respect but more

defensiveness and pushback—the last thing an aggressive communicator actually wants.

The Passive-Aggressive Communicator

We all know someone like this!

This style of communication is as aggressive as the previous one, only it’s covert, i.e.,

hidden and indirect.

Things are not what they seem on the surface.

Someone who communicates this way may feel angry but powerless to act in direct or ordinary

ways—so they attempt to meet their needs and make themselves known passively instead.

They may use heaps of sarcasm, they may complain bitterly and make a nuisance of themselves

(without doing a thing to help themselves), or they may sulk until someone is forced to

do something about it.

Otherwise, they may gossip, issue false apologies, or give compliments that are actually insults

in disguise.

They may engage in “malicious compliance” (“I will give the appearance of cooperation

but actually not be compliant at all”) or be difficult or unreliable instead of saying

outright that they don’t want to do something.

There is a devious, almost two-faced feeling to this type of communication that leaves

other people feeling manipulated, exhausted, or confused.

Imagine our two friends are out for a drink, and the passive one says, “Oh, you can choose

a place.

I don’t mind."

Let’s say the other one has a passive-aggressive communication style, and although they resent

being forced to make decisions all the time, they don’t feel able to come out and say

that directly.

So instead, they say, “Oh no, I understand.

How could I forget that it’s always my job to sort these things out, right?"

As they deliver with a sugary-sweet smile, there is plausible deniability in this, and

when the other friend responds to the hidden aggression in it, the first one can act hurt

“Calm down ... It was just a joke!"

If pushed, the passive-aggressive friend may then apologize, but it will be an “apology”

“Sheesh, I said I’m sorry.

Forgive me for not being perfect all the time ... ”

The Manipulative Communicator

The above style has some overlap with one more style, that of the manipulative communicator.

This is the person who uses cunning and fakery to get what they want.

Manipulation is essentially an attempt to control other people and have them do, say,

and think as you’d like them to.

While the passive-aggressive communicator can hurt others indirectly in an attempt to

express their needs without really expressing them, the manipulator is characterized by

their ability to see others as tools, i.e., a means to an end.

So, a manipulative communication will cry “crocodile tears” in order to make the

other person feel sorry for them (instead of, for comparison, simply sharing their genuine

experience and the other person responding with genuine, uncoerced empathy!).

They may “ask without asking” or use emotional levers such as guilt and obligation to position

people in ways that suit them.

A manipulative communicator might see someone enjoying their lunch at work and say, seemingly

to no one in particular in a high-pitched, condescending voice, “Oh, that looks delicious.

Aren’t you lucky?

I wish I could eat such fancy stuff like that for lunch every day.

Oh well."

If you’ve ever been on the receiving end of someone “fishing for compliments,”

then know that this is another form of trying to control others—in these examples trying

to force someone to give you a compliment.

Manipulative communication can sometimes “work,” but more often than not it is rightly perceived

by others as artificial, condescending, and untrustworthy.

If outright tricks and lies are used, the communication style can fail badly and the

person not only fails to get what they want, but they shut off potential genuine avenues

of connection and understanding—shooting themselves in the foot, basically.

Now, in reading about these four communication styles, you can probably see that you’ve

been guilty of all of them at least at some point in your life.

You can also probably see that they overlap one another and that the tactics in each style

can vary in intensity.

Few people use any single type exclusively in their communication, but it is worth asking

honestly about patterns that you observe in yourself.

There are countless shades and nuances possible when we think about how not to communicate.

Ultimately, though, there’s one thing to keep in mind: None of them really WORK.

In other words, the above four communication styles are “bad” not because they use

lies, passivity, or force, but rather because they don’t achieve the main goal of communication.

Why do people communicate?

There are only a few primary reasons:

•To get our needs met

•To share our experience and express who we are

•To solve problems

•To connect with another human being

The above communication styles are actually attempts to meet some or all of these goals.

Usually, however, they achieve the exact opposite result.

While it can be fun to identify annoying communication patterns in others, there is more to be gained

by honestly asking where we ourselves fall short of ideal communication patterns.

Do we have a tendency to be aggressive, passive, passive-aggressive, or manipulative?

Or even all four?

It helps to be aware of maladaptive communication strategies, but let’s also look at how we

can best communicate, i.e., how we can meet our needs, express ourselves, and solve problems

in a way that actually works.

The Assertive Communicator

This is a healthy, balanced, and conscious way of communicating.

It’s the ability to express needs, wants, thoughts, and feelings in a direct and assertive

way without ever disrespecting or controlling the way others think or feel, controlling

what they do, or undermining what they need.

This is the communication style that comes from a healthy self-esteem paired with a healthy

sense of respect and compassion for others.

In non-verbal expression, such people are self-controlled, balanced, relaxed, open,

and respectful—and that means respect for themselves and others.

Because of this, other people trust and like them, and if they don’t, at the very least

they know where they stand.

People do not feel obliged to take care of them or forced to do things they don’t want

to in order to appease them.

In the company of a person who communicates this way, things are clear, direct, mature,

respectful, and relaxed no matter the kind of conversation unfolding.

They can say, “You know what, to be honest, I don’t really feel like going out drinking

tonight.

I’m in the mood to just get some takeout and relax at home.

What do you think?

We could still pick up a couple of beers ... ”

They can express their needs or desires clearly, directly, and politely (“Oh, wow, that looks

amazing!

Would you mind if I had a tiny taste?”) and simply don’t need to control others

or get them to take care of them (for example, no fishing for compliments needed because

you are happy and confident with your choices and don’t need external validation for them).

Finally, assertive communicators are flexible and can set healthy boundaries when necessary,

but they can also be open, trusting, and vulnerable at other times.

The first thing to realize is that certain communication styles are simply not effective

and will not get you the results you want.

How you communicate is a choice.

You can make the best choice when you consciously understand what you’re doing and why it’s

not working ... so you can choose something that will work.

Every endeavor to improve must begin with a level of self-awareness.

There is no shame or blame in identifying the current limits and blind spots in your

own communication style.

The quality of our relationships with others comes down to the quality of our communication.

And guess what?

The quality of our communication comes down one hundred percent to us and what we consciously

choose for ourselves.

For now, be curious about what isn’t working for you communication-wise.

Think back to conflicts or communication breakdowns in the past and see if you can identify some

of these less-than-helpful styles in yourself, the other person ... or both.

Before we continue, consider the attitude that inspires a healthy and assertive communication

style.

Read the following sentiments.

Do any seem particularly alien to you or difficult to agree with?

This might be a clue to the aspects of assertive communication you could develop in yourself:

“All people are equally entitled to express themselves as long as they’re respectful.”

“I’m confident in who I am, and I like myself."

“I have choices.”

“I take responsibility for getting my needs met."

“I am comfortable speaking honestly and clearly.”

“I am calm, positive, and measured when dealing with others.”

“I don’t need to or want to control others—I am more interested in self-mastery.”

“I like to seek compromise and balance.”

“I value my rights immensely.

I also wouldn’t dream of infringing on someone else’s rights."

“Nobody owes me anything."

In the interest of increasing self-awareness, ask yourself the following questions:

What is my main style of communication?

What aspect of assertive communication do I find most difficult?

What would I most like to improve about the way