1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,400 Hello, listeners! 2 00:00:02,400 --> 00:00:09,640 This is Russell on "Social Skills Coaching," where we're delving into social psychology to become more likable, charismatic, and productive. 3 00:00:09,640 --> 00:00:18,480 Today, March 26, 2025, brings an exciting episode with a special focus from Patrick King’s book, The Science of Social Intelligence. 4 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:26,200 In this book, You’ll learn to understand and leverage motivation and popularity dynamics in social situations for better outcomes. 5 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:50,400 We will cover key topics such as how dominance is different than prestige but equally important to projecting an appealing persona, why warmth matters more over competence when forming connections with others, and strategies to increase your own perceived value without compromising personal integrity or authenticity. 6 00:00:50,400 --> 00:00:57,880 Join us in unraveling the science of social interaction that will empower you for better relationships today! 7 00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:05,480 In this episode, we'll explore essential insights from Chapter 2 of the book about becoming a "Cool Kid." 8 00:01:05,480 --> 00:01:15,360 Now let’s go back to the aforementioned teenager in our mind—that awkward-looking figure at the throes of a rapid physical and emotional growth spurt. 9 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:18,600 Now take a look back to your own high school days. 10 00:01:18,600 --> 00:01:23,720 Think about your own social clique as a teenager, and your adversaries. 11 00:01:23,720 --> 00:01:26,880 There’s the exasperating bully and his group. 12 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,200 The cheerleader-type girls and their rival gang. 13 00:01:30,200 --> 00:01:33,920 The mister or miss achiever that everybody loves. 14 00:01:33,920 --> 00:01:38,400 The school organization leaders who are well-rounded enough to run in the elections. 15 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:46,600 Of course, let us not forget the outcasts—the ones who barely have friends, or are friends only with other outcasts. 16 00:01:46,600 --> 00:01:54,280 What I’m getting at is that there’s no greater demonstration of the importance of social status than with children and teenagers. 17 00:01:54,280 --> 00:02:09,280 For many, the culmination of this process comes in high school—a time when it might have seemed like the cool or popular kids could do whatever they wanted, while the normal and less-popular kids experienced a much different reality. 18 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:23,960 It’s in these stages that we are placed, partly by ourselves and by society in much bigger part, into a virtual petri dish from which our attitudes and conceptions develop and influence our social health and status later on. 19 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:32,920 This is the same petri dish in which scientists and researchers look to gain valuable insights on the human social dimension. 20 00:02:32,920 --> 00:02:39,360 Now I’m sure there are many happy, silly memories that could well up from our high school reminiscing. 21 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:42,760 Of course, there are also terrible memories. 22 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:53,480 The point is, however, that thinking back on them as an adult provides us a vantage point from which we can understand the underlying social assumptions we may have held. 23 00:02:53,480 --> 00:03:00,960 Looking back at our teenage assumptions, we can ask, how do these notions hold water in our present selves? 24 00:03:00,960 --> 00:03:06,600 This chapter will compare some of these notions to the findings and postulations of scientific researchers. 25 00:03:06,600 --> 00:03:17,760 By the end of this exploration, we’ll be able to outline for ourselves the nuances, misconceptions, and prerequisites of the notion of popularity. 26 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:31,120 The general assumption is that popular kids probably had better social skills and were often more humorous or entertaining than their less-popular classmates, but is that really all it takes to achieve high social status? 27 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:38,720 Popularity, whatever it is, is a quality that people want no matter the circumstance. 28 00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:45,560 Given that tendency, is it really the case that all we have to be is well-known or even famous? 29 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:50,800 Is this the best way to measure our success and even happiness? 30 00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:51,720 Chapter 2. 31 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:55,320 Become a “Cool Kid” 32 00:03:55,320 --> 00:03:55,320 33 00:03:55,320 --> 00:04:02,840 Now let’s go back to the aforementioned teenager in our mind—that awkward-looking figure at the throes of a rapid physical and emotional growth spurt. 34 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:05,280 Now take a look back to your own high school days. 35 00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,520 Think about your own social clique as a teenager, and your adversaries. 36 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:11,160 There’s the exasperating bully and his group. 37 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,120 The cheerleader-type girls and their rival gang. 38 00:04:14,120 --> 00:04:18,760 The mister or miss achiever that everybody loves. 39 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:22,880 The school organization leaders who are well-rounded enough to run in the elections. 40 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:29,960 Of course, let us not forget the outcasts—the ones who barely have friends, or are friends only with other outcasts. 41 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:37,160 What I’m getting at is that there’s no greater demonstration of the importance of social status than with children and teenagers. 42 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:49,680 For many, the culmination of this process comes in high school—a time when it might have seemed like the cool or popular kids could do whatever they wanted, while the normal and less-popular kids experienced a much different reality. 43 00:04:49,680 --> 00:05:01,840 It’s in these stages that we are placed, partly by ourselves and by society in much bigger part, into a virtual petri dish from which our attitudes and conceptions develop and influence our social health and status later on. 44 00:05:01,840 --> 00:05:08,080 This is the same petri dish in which scientists and researchers look to gain valuable insights on the human social dimension. 45 00:05:08,080 --> 00:05:11,800 Now I’m sure there are many happy, silly memories that could well up from our high school reminiscing. 46 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:14,440 Of course, there are also terrible memories. 47 00:05:14,440 --> 00:05:25,800 The point is, however, that thinking back on them as an adult provides us a vantage point from which we can understand the underlying social assumptions we may have held. 48 00:05:25,800 --> 00:05:30,320 Looking back at our teenage assumptions, we can ask, how do these notions hold water in our present selves? 49 00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:34,200 This chapter will compare some of these notions to the findings and postulations of scientific researchers. 50 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:42,440 By the end of this exploration, we’ll be able to outline for ourselves the nuances, misconceptions, and prerequisites of the notion of popularity. 51 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:51,600 The general assumption is that popular kids probably had better social skills and were often more humorous or entertaining than their less-popular classmates, but is that really all it takes to achieve high social status? 52 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,920 Popularity, whatever it is, is a quality that people want no matter the circumstance. 53 00:05:54,920 --> 00:06:03,160 Given that tendency, is it really the case that all we have to be is well-known or even famous? 54 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,360 Is this the best way to measure our success and even happiness? 55 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:08,280 Motivation and Popularity 56 00:06:08,280 --> 00:06:08,280 57 00:06:08,280 --> 00:06:17,640 Given the choice, it’s a fair bet that just about everybody would prefer popularity and the accompanying social validation over the opposite. 58 00:06:17,640 --> 00:06:20,920 It simply feels good to be well-liked and respected by our peers. 59 00:06:20,920 --> 00:06:30,400 To achieve traditional popularity requires some amount of effort to socialize and connect with people, and that effort requires energy. 60 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:31,280 Everybody has a limited supply of energy. 61 00:06:31,280 --> 00:06:36,600 Hence, the motivation to spend that energy socializing is a significant part of what it takes to be popular. 62 00:06:36,600 --> 00:06:46,720 In reality, of course, not everybody wants to be popular to the same extent as everyone else—to spend one’s energy toward socializing, so to speak. 63 00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:54,840 However, as it turns out, there is a strong correlation between how rewarding popularity feels to people and how popular they actually are. 64 00:06:54,840 --> 00:07:20,480 Dr. Dianna Martinez and her team of research colleagues at Columbia University found evidence of a positive correlation between higher social status and social support and the density of dopamine type 2 (D2) and type 3 (D3) receptors in the striatum—a region of the brain that is largely responsible for our feelings of reward and motivation, something that dopamine plays a critical role in producing. 65 00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:32,840 Normal and healthy volunteers were assessed to determine their social status and social support systems and were subsequently scanned using positron emission tomography, a technology that enables us to see D2 receptors in the brain. 66 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:51,560 The volunteers who had denser D2 receptors were the same ones who had the highest social status, which suggests that popular individuals are more likely to experience life as rewarding and stimulating as a direct result of having more targets for dopamine to take effect within the striatum. 67 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:56,120 These people literally had different brain structures than their less popular peers. 68 00:07:56,120 --> 00:08:09,520 Dr. Martinez summed up the results by saying, “We showed that low levels of dopamine receptors were associated with low social status and that high levels of dopamine receptors were associated with higher social status. 69 00:08:09,520 --> 00:08:16,000 The same type of association was seen with the volunteers’ reports of social support they experience from their friends, family, or significant other.” 70 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:16,000 71 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:24,480 This contradicts our earlier assumption that personality traits were the underlying cause behind popularity. 72 00:08:24,480 --> 00:08:30,320 Rather, social status has to do more with how our brain works. 73 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:40,360 Simply put, our brain structure and how much dopamine we produce influences the formation of certain personality traits that may result in popularity. 74 00:08:40,360 --> 00:08:54,600 The editor of Biological Psychiatry, Dr. John Krystal, commented on the results of the study and said, “These data shed interesting light into the drive to achieve social status, a basic social process. 75 00:08:54,600 --> 00:09:18,280 It would make sense that people who had higher levels of D2 receptors, i.e., were more highly motivated and engaged by social situations, would be high achievers and would have higher levels of social support.” Popular people enjoy being with people and in social situations more, which will naturally make you more extroverted and charming. 76 00:09:18,280 --> 00:09:23,600 Indeed, having a healthy amount of dopamine will take one a long way. 77 00:09:23,600 --> 00:09:28,320 At this point, you may be wondering: what you can do to take advantage of this new information? 78 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:33,680 Is there a way to safely and naturally increase the density of dopamine receptors in our brains? 79 00:09:33,680 --> 00:09:35,440 Well, yes, kind of. 80 00:09:35,440 --> 00:09:50,320 There are chemicals called dopamine antagonists that are used to treat psychological conditions by artificially lowering dopamine, causing dopamine receptor density to increase in order to bring your brain back to an equilibrium. 81 00:09:50,320 --> 00:09:52,160 However, a sudden drop of dopamine could mean bad news. 82 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:58,040 This chemical approach comes with loads of undesirable side effects and is not realistic for most people. 83 00:09:58,040 --> 00:09:59,840 Don’t discourage yourself just yet. 84 00:09:59,840 --> 00:10:07,280 There are some realistic ways to increase your dopamine receptors—or rather, avoid desensitizing them—that don’t come with the dangerous side effects. 85 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:25,120 It basically involves doing fewer of the activities that artificially increase our dopamine levels: excessive Internet and TV use, coffee, recreational drugs, alcohol, watching pornography, or consuming a lot of sugar and processed food. 86 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:27,920 Generally speaking, it’s a matter of habit and lifestyle. 87 00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:33,560 If you are addicted to something unhealthy, it’s likely because that thing is giving you a hit of dopamine. 88 00:10:33,560 --> 00:10:39,040 This will make you feel good for the time being, but it has a long-term consequence. 89 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:43,960 Constant artificial boosting of your dopamine level has a numbing effect on your dopamine-detecting brain receptors. 90 00:10:43,960 --> 00:10:47,960 Motivation and reward behavior are dulled as your sensitivity to dopamine decreases. 91 00:10:47,960 --> 00:10:52,200 In essence, the point is to starve yourself of dopamine until you spend time with people. 92 00:10:52,200 --> 00:11:04,840 Making conscious choices to do fewer of the things that give us those quick and easily repetitive dopamine hits will have a positive long-term impact on our feelings of motivation and reward in social situations, which in turn can help us to become more popular. 93 00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:06,080 Social Sensitivity 94 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:06,080 95 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:15,760 In addition to being biologically predisposed to seek popularity due to greater dopamine receptor density, popular people have another interesting biological difference as compared to people with lower social status. 96 00:11:15,760 --> 00:11:20,800 The brains of popular people are more sensitive to social dynamics in their environment. 97 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:26,400 You may have wondered how the people you know with high social status achieved that level of popularity and influence. 98 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:30,840 On a surface level, it probably seems that those people are simply friendly and fun to be around. 99 00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:32,720 Well, that is indeed the case. 100 00:11:32,720 --> 00:11:39,080 However, research published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences probed deeper underneath these two positive traits. 101 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:45,600 Scientists conducted brain-imaging studies that led to a recognition of a common denominator among the participants regarded as popular in their social clique. 102 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:51,520 The findings suggest that there is likely something much deeper going on that we aren’t aware of. 103 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:58,280 The research was performed at Columbia University by Noam Zerubavel and a team of his colleagues. 104 00:11:58,280 --> 00:12:07,720 They recruited twenty-six student volunteers from two school clubs to participate and had each volunteer rate how much they liked every other individual in their club. 105 00:12:07,720 --> 00:12:15,160 The scores were compiled for each participant, and the final numbers were used to rank all of the members by likability or popularity. 106 00:12:15,160 --> 00:12:26,200 The students then lay in brain scanners and were shown photos of the faces of their peers, in addition to an occasional “ghost face”—a morphed average of all of the other faces. 107 00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:40,240 As an experimental control, the students were told that their task was to instinctually press a key for each face that was presented, indicating whether they thought it was a real person or a ghost face. 108 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:50,920 The reality, of course, was that the researchers only wanted to see how their brain activity varied according to the popularity of the person they were currently presented with. 109 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:54,640 There were two main issues at hand that researchers wanted to work out. 110 00:12:54,640 --> 00:13:03,200 First, they wanted to see whether or not participants’ brains responded differently according to the popularity of the person in each photo. 111 00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:12,200 After that, they wanted to analyze whether popular people’s brains, in particular, responded differently to the exercise relative to those of their less-popular classmates. 112 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:13,400 The results were interesting on both fronts. 113 00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:27,640 Independently of their own popularity levels, when participants were shown photos of more popular peers, their brains subsequently displayed more neural activity in the “social cognition system” involved in understanding how other people think and perceive each other. 114 00:13:27,640 --> 00:13:35,320 This suggests that the more we care about a person’s popularity, the more motivated we are to consider and analyze what they might be thinking. 115 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:43,440 When it came to the more popular participants, images of their neural responses showed that they had even greater sensitivity to social structure. 116 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:49,080 Their brains were more sensitively attuned to the popularity of others on a subconscious level. 117 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:55,120 All of the participants showed different activity levels based on the popularity of the person they were looking at. 118 00:13:55,120 --> 00:14:01,840 However, those activity levels varied more widely in popular people than with unpopular people. 119 00:14:01,840 --> 00:14:08,440 This means they were more empathetic and self-aware of relationships across social groups. 120 00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:19,160 It also implies that popular people are, at least in good part, popular because they care about being popular on a fundamental level. 121 00:14:19,160 --> 00:14:34,800 This lends a plausible explanation as to how these people ascended to popularity in the first place—having a sharper awareness of the popularity of others enables them to selectively align themselves with the people who have high social status. 122 00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:42,400 The finding is also in line with prior psychological research that showed popular children tend to be more aware of who’s popular and who isn’t. 123 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:51,160 It’s hard to sugarcoat that evidence—people, on average, simply seem to devote more cognitive resources to you the more social status you have. 124 00:14:51,160 --> 00:15:01,000 This can certainly explain why being popular is desirable, but it can also be a curse to somebody who attains higher social status and isn’t able to keep their ego in check when they inevitably get treated with greater regard. 125 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:10,960 At a fundamental level, this provides a solid explanation for how social cliques form and why it can be so difficult for somebody new to integrate themselves into a different clique. 126 00:15:10,960 --> 00:15:20,800 Part of being popular is hanging out with other popular people, and the members of your public social circle likely play a significant role in how your own popularity is perceived by others. 127 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:27,600 How to become accepted within a particular social circle is another matter to be covered throughout this book. 128 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:33,120 Nonetheless, understanding social status and what changes it is a key to popularity. 129 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:34,480 Dominance versus Prestige 130 00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:34,480 131 00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:41,960 The relationship between brain architecture and one’s socialization behavior doesn’t seem obviously apparent in our everyday lives, considering how much scientific research has been invested in this subject. 132 00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:44,800 It’s not as if we can measure our dopamine on an everyday, ordinary basis. 133 00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:49,040 Predominantly, there are two modes in which we achieve social status—dominance and prestige. 134 00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:52,280 These two categorize our various approaches in terms of navigating through our social terrain. 135 00:15:52,280 --> 00:16:00,160 A careful consideration of these two factors, along with applying them in moderation, with proper timing, and in good taste, can help you move up any social hierarchy. 136 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:07,240 Dominance means being stronger, more intimidating, or more powerful than other people. 137 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:14,120 Prestige, on the other hand, means being more skilled, successful, and knowledgeable than the average person. 138 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:17,600 These are the traditional paths to being popular. 139 00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:22,320 Most of us, if not all, became familiar with dominance while growing up. 140 00:16:22,320 --> 00:16:29,600 It may have seemed as if this is the best or even the only method of gaining the respect and admiration of our peers. 141 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:38,360 Often, the schoolyard bullies who use intimidation, coercion, and fear-inducing tactics appear to be the top dogs. 142 00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:48,240 Meanwhile, the students who put in the effort to get high grades in school are rarely socially rewarded for doing so at the time, at least in Western cultures. 143 00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:57,160 Those who get good grades do, however, have greater opportunities for further education and more impactful careers down the line. 144 00:16:57,160 --> 00:17:04,760 As a result, they might be recognized and respected for their skills, success, and knowledge later in life. 145 00:17:04,760 --> 00:17:16,760 Joseph Henrich and Gil White studied dominance and prestige within the context of sociology, sociolinguistics, ethnography, and ethnology. 146 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:23,040 They found that the two paths to social status evolved separately and for different purposes. 147 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:32,640 As such, these two modes manifest in varying degrees depending upon the situation, context, or the wider culture as a whole. 148 00:17:32,640 --> 00:17:45,040 A person’s mental and physical dispositions will naturally determine which strategy— or which combination of the two—is most useful to employ in any given situation. 149 00:17:45,040 --> 00:18:02,120 Somebody who grows up in a less-progressive society or finds themselves in a highly adversarial environment, such as a prison, might find that the ability to intimidate others or enforce threats is the most effective way to reach the upper echelon of the social hierarchy. 150 00:18:02,120 --> 00:18:11,200 And of course, if a person has a tendency to challenge and fight, or has natural physical strength, you can guess which path they will take. 151 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:28,120 For those who find themselves in social environments that lack dominance hierarchies, having the mental skills necessary to acquire knowledge and develop ideas that are valuable to society will make them more inclined to attain social status through prestige. 152 00:18:28,120 --> 00:18:35,520 As mentioned, approaching social navigation in terms of dominance and prestige is a practical matter. 153 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:40,040 We can fine-tune our social tendencies between the two poles. 154 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:42,400 We can be mindful of them. 155 00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:46,000 We can also strive to be better with these two as a guide. 156 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:52,280 You can consider for yourself what routes to take to increase your own social status. 157 00:18:52,280 --> 00:19:02,440 This requires an honest assessment of your traits, strengths, and weaknesses so you can effectively use what you’ve got and minimize flaws. 158 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:12,920 Keep in mind that there is no one rigid step-by-step way of doing things as much as there is no absolute right or wrong between the two approaches. 159 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:21,880 Pitfalls abound in both options if not properly balanced, thoroughly self-assessed, and executed with grace and subtlety. 160 00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:35,920 For example, you may gain some authority over others if you become extremely dominant like the big bully from grade school, but is that really worth it if you sacrifice a good deal of likability in the process? 161 00:19:35,920 --> 00:19:39,520 Will the stature you gain be worth all the resentment? 162 00:19:39,520 --> 00:19:45,600 Having a dominant role suggests a certain degree of responsibility and accountability. 163 00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:49,840 Your social base will expect you to provide results. 164 00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:56,400 People tend to look up to a leader figure who assures everyone that everything is under control. 165 00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,560 People respond well to others who are confident and self-assured. 166 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:07,400 When this is taken to the extremes of being cocky or self-absorbed, there will be a problem. 167 00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,960 Moreover, empathy is crucial and results do matter. 168 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:16,720 Dominance implies that there will be expectations that need to be met. 169 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:31,680 On one hand, physicality may also play a major role in dominance, as somebody who is big in stature might have an easier time pulling off this trait than somebody who isn’t particularly tall or strong. 170 00:20:31,680 --> 00:20:35,400 But this aspect is bound to have nuances. 171 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:41,920 How much of physical dominance is based on stature, and how much is based on visible health and fitness? 172 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:56,480 An obese person who is six feet tall and weighs 250 pounds is a lot less intimidating, on average, than somebody who is also six feet tall and 250 pounds but is a bodybuilder, for example. 173 00:20:56,480 --> 00:21:01,960 Appearances are sometimes just that, appearances. 174 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:05,040 Besides, strength may come in different forms. 175 00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:09,640 Physical strength doesn’t necessarily translate to strength of will. 176 00:21:09,640 --> 00:21:12,920 So what about the prestige route? 177 00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:17,840 Although not as apparent, there are still plenty of pitfalls with this strategy. 178 00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:21,160 Conceit doesn’t pay. 179 00:21:21,160 --> 00:21:33,240 An intelligent and knowledgeable individual will be much less likely to attain social status through prestige if they are constantly reminding people of how smart and successful they are. 180 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:43,760 It often requires a good deal of finesse to make people aware of your intellectual prowess without giving off the impression of being arrogant or judgmental. 181 00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:57,160 And being highly skilled, successful, and knowledgeable won’t mean much socially if you don’t have the communication skills to convey your abilities in a way the average person can understand and appreciate. 182 00:21:57,160 --> 00:22:08,120 The key here is to realize your goals of getting on top in a manner that is ethical, involves introspection, and is mindful of others. 183 00:22:08,120 --> 00:22:15,120 It is possible to take shortcuts to achieve some fast success, but it’s certainly not advisable. 184 00:22:15,120 --> 00:22:24,760 A person who needs to put others down in order to appear dominant will eventually end up just looking insecure and inadequate. 185 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:34,560 A physical trainer without the knowledge or discipline to be healthy and fit personally will not be trusted by others who want to become healthy and fit themselves. 186 00:22:34,560 --> 00:22:44,400 Dominance and prestige are what people naturally look for, and you need to authentically increase your standing in both of those respects. 187 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:57,880 No matter how you choose to go about climbing up the social hierarchy, being genuine as well as conscious of how others perceive you throughout the process will certainly increase your odds for success. 188 00:22:57,880 --> 00:23:07,120 None of us were born with brains tailor-made for social success; none of us were born able to play basketball professionally, either. 189 00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:16,080 That doesn’t mean we can’t improve upon our natural traits and take an advanced leap or two into what we know is instinctually valued. 190 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:19,280 Warmth and Competence 191 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:19,280 192 00:23:19,280 --> 00:23:25,480 We have covered in the previous section the two approaches to climb the ranks in terms of social hierarchy. 193 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:30,760 We haven’t, however, looked into what is really the glue that binds people to you. 194 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:35,720 When it comes down to it, what are the things that really make a person likeable? 195 00:23:35,720 --> 00:23:39,120 Think about the people you have known and liked. 196 00:23:39,120 --> 00:23:40,800 Why did you like them? 197 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:43,720 Why do you think others like you? 198 00:23:43,720 --> 00:23:55,920 Susan Fiske and Amy Cuddy have done extensive research on this question and have determined that we judge people on two main criteria—their warmth and their competence. 199 00:23:55,920 --> 00:24:04,520 Here, “judge” merely means to decide whether you like, trust and respect a person and want to interact with them further. 200 00:24:04,520 --> 00:24:24,040 According to Fiske and Cuddy liking (warmth) and respecting (recognizing competence) account for about 80 percent of the judgments we make about people, which then go on to determine whether we work with them, date them, form friendships with them and so on. 201 00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:26,720 In other words, it’s a big deal! 202 00:24:26,720 --> 00:24:32,280 These two traits can form a matrix of four possible profiles. 203 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:42,360 Consciously or unconsciously, we are all transmitting information that others receive and log, helping them decide whether we’re likeable people. 204 00:24:42,360 --> 00:24:50,640 Similarly, we’re constantly taking in that information about others and determining whether we like them and want to get closer. 205 00:24:50,640 --> 00:24:57,240 If being likeable is a goal, then it’s worth paying attention to how you’re presenting yourself. 206 00:24:57,240 --> 00:25:09,680 A person with high warmth and high competence will win others’ admiration—think of a charismatic boss or a deeply charming person that everyone loves and wants to be like. 207 00:25:09,680 --> 00:25:17,120 The kind who inspires, leads or enthralls people—these are the people we want to emulate in life. 208 00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:23,520 High-competence and low-warmth people are respected but not liked—i.e. 209 00:25:23,520 --> 00:25:24,440 envied. 210 00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:34,040 This can be OK in work contexts, but you don’t want to be an intimidating know-it-all, or someone who is perceived as intelligent but unkind. 211 00:25:34,040 --> 00:25:44,040 Many productivity-obsessed managers fall into this category, spending time to enhance their competence without a thought for how warm and likeable they are. 212 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:57,600 High warmth and low competence are qualities of someone we like but don’t necessarily respect—someone we pity, like an elderly lady who is sweet but incapable of accomplishing much. 213 00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:02,000 You might genuinely care for a person but consider them a bumbling idiot! 214 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:11,400 Think of the class clown archetype who generally depends on others for the heavy lifting, but they don’t mind because he’s charming and fun to have around. 215 00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:19,720 Finally, low-warmth and low-competence people cause us to feel contempt and dislike—naturally. 216 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:26,440 They aren’t likeable or good at anything, and we may judge them as not worth the investment of our time. 217 00:26:26,440 --> 00:26:36,480 This is the category we reserve for criminals, sociopaths, lazy and selfish people; those we neither like nor respect. 218 00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:45,640 This framework can be very useful in dealing with others, but especially in thinking about how we conduct ourselves in social situations. 219 00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:51,960 Being competent, we inspire respect; being warm, we inspire trust. 220 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:57,360 Both are important if we want to be liked and maintain good social connections. 221 00:26:57,360 --> 00:27:05,960 Without enough of either, you could be perceived as cold, untrustworthy, inept, or a complete waste of time. 222 00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:08,960 Let’s consider competence. 223 00:27:08,960 --> 00:27:12,760 How exactly does one convey competence? 224 00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:19,680 You could get a qualification, provide a valuable service, solve a problem, lead a team. 225 00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:35,760 Luckily, many people will see competence in one area and assume that it carries over to others, especially if one is competent in an area that is generalizable—those that imply good leadership, insight, intelligence and diligence to achieve. 226 00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:47,960 Also luckily, we tend to be very forgiving in how we assign competence to someone, and seldom take away the label we’ve chosen even when that person demonstrates low competence. 227 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,560 We write it off and assume it was an isolated incident. 228 00:27:51,560 --> 00:28:04,160 Warmth, however, is different, arguably because the ability to accurately judge another’s warmth is more fundamental to survival from an evolutionary point of view. 229 00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:23,000 Here, we judge warmth in the opposite way we do competence—a single act of kindness is appreciated but seldom generalized, whereas a single act of unkindness is never forgotten and more easily assumed to be an accurate representation of that person in general. 230 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:36,480 This might be an unconscious assumption—it’s easy to fake being good, whereas someone might be showing their “true colors” if they act even once in a harsh, selfish or insensitive way. 231 00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:44,760 Knowing all this, how can we make sure that we’re conveying competence and especially warmth when we engage with others? 232 00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:47,560 Fortunately, it’s not hard to do. 233 00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:51,760 Smile genuinely and often and make eye contact. 234 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:57,520 Express an emotional and not just intellectual understanding of the people and facts around you. 235 00:28:57,520 --> 00:29:06,840 Demonstrate empathy and be a good listener—and make efforts to show that you like and trust the other person, encouraging them to reciprocate. 236 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:10,160 Be fair, honest, kind. 237 00:29:10,160 --> 00:29:14,680 It’s not rocket science, but it does take a little conscious effort sometimes! 238 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:21,680 In work contexts, you may need to focus more on conveying competence (although warmth is still needed). 239 00:29:21,680 --> 00:29:33,440 Try to highlight your skills without boasting; don’t speak too slowly and enunciate properly to demonstrate intelligence, and speak clearly and assertively to show confidence. 240 00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:49,040 Those who are judged as competent appear balanced, robust and not prone to excess or weak willpower—this means you don’t want to appear to overeat, drink too much, smoke, swear, or seem out of control in any way. 241 00:29:49,040 --> 00:29:52,200 Importantly, you don’t want to overdo it. 242 00:29:52,200 --> 00:30:00,600 Occasionally being a little self-effacing and humble will show that you’re not all ego and can work cooperatively in a team. 243 00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:14,800 An unfortunate fact is that humans tend to judge each other as having one trait or another—with the assumption that if you’re not competent you have to be nice, and if you are competent, you can afford not to be kind to others. 244 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:21,560 This can mean that being perceived as competent or nice can in some contexts be seen as respective weaknesses. 245 00:30:21,560 --> 00:30:37,920 This explains the prejudices aimed at women and mothers in the workplace, who are judged as incompetent merely because they are kind and considerate, or a rude doctor who is assumed to be more capable than he is precisely because he is so brusque and unfriendly to others. 246 00:30:37,920 --> 00:30:51,000 It’s not strictly true that warmth and competence are “opposites”—after all, we admire people with both for a reason, and all our most beloved public figures inevitably hold both qualities. 247 00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:54,840 It’s more a question of carefully balancing the way we are perceived. 248 00:30:54,840 --> 00:31:01,400 Focus on those qualities that convey high warmth without threatening the appearance of competence. 249 00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:11,200 These are traits that we roughly call “moral,” such as fairness, honesty, and loyalty—qualities all likeable human beings are expected to possess. 250 00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:18,320 In body language, have an upright posture, maintain open eye contact and speak clearly and calmly. 251 00:31:18,320 --> 00:31:22,960 Avoid trying to emulate a stereotype one way or another—i.e. 252 00:31:22,960 --> 00:31:29,640 the super intimidating, highly competent person or the meek and suspiciously nice saintly figure. 253 00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,640 Temper sharing your achievements with genuine humility, and you will earn people’s respect without alienating them. 254 00:31:37,640 --> 00:31:48,520 Similarly, be warm, open and friendly but occasionally speak your mind, maintain your boundaries and be a little assertive so that people will come to both trust and respect you. 255 00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:57,960 Use the context to guide your interactions with others—your approach at work will be different from your behavior in a romantic relationship or with your friends or children. 256 00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:03,840 Finally, when in doubt, prioritize warm, authentic connections with people. 257 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:06,600 You can always impress them with your skills later. 258 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:11,920 To be valued and put into high regard by your peers is no child’s play. 259 00:32:11,920 --> 00:32:17,600 It goes way beyond the cool-kid archetype of our collective adolescent imagination. 260 00:32:17,600 --> 00:32:23,560 It’s not a mere popularity game: a quota of friends, acquaintances, or followers to acquire. 261 00:32:23,560 --> 00:32:30,240 With the help of research, we get to understand that achieving social status is so much more than that. 262 00:32:30,240 --> 00:32:36,320 Popularity manifests in the physical—in the cognitive, to be precise. 263 00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:46,520 Research on brain structure and chemistry provides a perspective on the correlation of effective socialization with the number of dopamine receptors in the brain. 264 00:32:46,520 --> 00:32:52,800 This implies that the more dopamine in the brain, the better a person is at socializing. 265 00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:57,400 Popularity also implies responsibility to the feelings of others. 266 00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:02,240 Being popular is opposite to being self-centered and self-serving. 267 00:33:02,240 --> 00:33:12,040 Being widely accepted and well-known requires that a person is adept at connecting with people, which includes sensitivity to the well-being of others. 268 00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:17,680 Striving to reach a better social status, as with any endeavor, requires energy. 269 00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:21,800 Without motivation, there is simply no fuel for the drive. 270 00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:25,680 We have discussed the chemical “dopamine-regulation” approach. 271 00:33:25,680 --> 00:33:29,880 This is a plausible path, but one that may end up leading to disasters. 272 00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:38,480 It requires professional help and is really just applicable for people suffering from addictive behaviors that artificially jack up dopamine. 273 00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:47,200 Alternatively, we have at our disposal approaches to traversing the social hierarchy that are backed up by psychological research. 274 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:52,520 The knowledge these studies impart can be used as our practical guide. 275 00:33:52,520 --> 00:34:00,960 As these studies show us, dominance and prestige are the two basic ways that people become popular among their peers. 276 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:06,160 These traits manifest early in the social interactions of our formative years. 277 00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:11,840 They transform as we move into adulthood and continue to shape our interactions. 278 00:34:11,840 --> 00:34:15,520 The trick really is to strike a balance between the two. 279 00:34:15,520 --> 00:34:22,640 You’ll succeed in this balancing act as long as you are mindful and include authenticity as part of your goal. 280 00:34:22,640 --> 00:34:27,480 But what really draws people to a socially intelligent individual? 281 00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:34,840 It is the perfect combination of getting things done and just simply being kind and authentic. 282 00:34:34,840 --> 00:34:45,880 You have to be warm and competent at the same time in order to arouse admiration and avoid inviting the pity, contempt, or envy of others. 283 00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:50,720 Now forget the cool-kid attitude and leave it to the high-schoolers. 284 00:34:50,720 --> 00:34:53,400 The best way to be cool is to be warm. 285 00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:57,360 It’s all about being credible and authentic at the same time. 286 00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:00,280 Takeaways: 287 00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:00,280 288 00:35:00,280 --> 00:35:08,160 • Our first dive into the finer points of social intelligence is all about how to be more likable and popular. 289 00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:16,640 If you think about this question in the context of evolution, you might assume it has to do with some kind of standing within a tribe. 290 00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:25,200 And to be quite honest, you’d be correct, and this shows how close we still are to our so-called primitive ancestors. 291 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:39,840 On a humorous note, we can use high-schoolers as a proxy for these ancestors, because high-schoolers are far more concerned with social standing and status, and are somewhat less sophisticated in their evaluations of such. 292 00:35:39,840 --> 00:35:50,520 • A couple of the most powerful predictors in who will be likable and popular are the simple motivation and sensitivity to such factors. 293 00:35:50,520 --> 00:36:00,280 In other words, those who want to be popular, and also can tell the difference between popular and unpopular kids, will be successful. 294 00:36:00,280 --> 00:36:20,560 You can say the same about people wanting a better job, or wanting to learn to play the piano, for example—if they want to do it, and they are sensitive to what makes a good versus bad piano player, they surely stand a better chance—but it’s a bit surprising to hear that simple social standing and likability follows the same rules. 295 00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:24,240 • Now we get to the primitive stuff. 296 00:36:24,240 --> 00:36:38,400 Studies have shown that the following four traits are desirable, attractive, and place people high in social hierarchies: dominance, prestige, warmth, and competence. 297 00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:53,440 The studies (one found dominance and prestige, and the other found warmth and competence) present what is a very logical set of traits for being cool, popular, likable, and of a high social status. 298 00:36:53,440 --> 00:36:59,600 Just think about how these traits might function in a tribal setting, or as leader archetypes. 299 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:02,920 When it comes down to it, we’re a simple species. 300 00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:13,480 And there you have it—a glimpse into the social psychology that has governed us since time immemorial, even though today's world is far more complex than any tribal setting. 301 00:37:13,480 --> 00:37:21,240 But one thing remains true: being likable and competent still wins you friends, allies, partnerships, colleagues; they are essential in a society where interpersonal relationships often determine our success or failure to thrive—professionally and personally. 302 00:37:21,240 --> 00:37:38,120 Now I invite each one of you as listeners, especially those seeking a more fulfilling life and interactions to join us on this journey towards becoming not only socially intelligent but also compassionate beings who value authentic connections over fleeting popularity or status—because when we build relationships based on understanding rather than manipulation, our social ecosystem becomes richer for all of us. 303 00:37:38,120 --> 00:37:41,200 Take a moment to reflect: Are you willing to adopt these insights and become the masters of your own socio-psychological environment? 304 00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:52,400 I believe in each one of you—and that's why we must commit to being more likeable, competent individuals who not only attract others but also foster relationships built on respect, empathy, and genuine connection. 305 00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:55,800 Let’s grow together by embracing these scientifically-backed methods as our blueprint for social success—one conversation at a time. 306 00:37:55,800 --> 00:38:04,200 Join the Social Skills Coaching community to continue learning more such strategies because remember, knowledge is power when it comes to navigating human relationships and becoming an influential part of society's fabric in the most positive way possible. 307 00:38:04,200 --> 00:38:13,960 Thank you all for joining me today on this enlightening journey into social intelligence with The Science of Social Intelligence by Patrick King—tune in next time as we unravel more secrets from psychology that can help us live better and build stronger connections! 308 00:38:13,960 --> 00:38:18,480 Remember, your path to becoming a likable person who makes meaningful impressions starts here. 309 00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,640 Make it happen today!"